This movement basically began to let us understand the initial background of industrial design: it took place in England, where the industrial revolution was completed in 1864. The British industrial revolution began in the 1860s, starting with the technological innovation of the cotton textile industry, with the improvement and widespread use of Watt steam engines as the hub, and the realization of mechanization in the machine manufacturing industry in the 1930s and 40s as the symbol of basic completion. The main manifestation of the British Industrial Revolution was that the large machine industry replaced the handicraft industry, and the machine factory replaced the handicraft workshop, so the handicraft industry was hit hard. In the face of the output of emerging mechanical products, most artists who appreciate handicrafts were reformed. It is called the Arts and Crafts Movement

With the advancement of British industrialization, there are two tendencies in products: the first is that industrial products have rough appearance and no beautiful design, and the second is that handicrafts are still used by handicraft production for a few powerful people.

The emergence of social product polarization. What can represent the phenomenon is that in 1851, the world's first international exposition opened in London.

Joseph Paxton (April 3, 1803-June 1, 1865) designed the Crystal Palace for the British gardener and architect.

Based on the technology of flower planting, Burkston boldly used the principle of the greenhouse structure for planting flowers, using steel and glass as raw materials, fast, practical, economical and first-class lighting to build this venue, that is, it immediately shocked the world as soon as it was launched., The famous "Crystal Palace" in history, this building is also regarded by later generations as a landmark product of modern design, and it is also regarded as the beginning of the "Arts and.

The first World Exposition in 1851 was held at the Crystal Palace in London.

The Crystal Palace (English: The Crystal Palace) is a building with steel as the skeleton and glass as the main building material. It was designed by Joseph Paxton. It is one of the wonders of British architecture in the 19th century and an industrial revolution. An important symbol of the era.

It was originally the exhibition hall when the World Expo was first held in London in 1851. The official name of the World Expo was the World Industrial Expo. Until 1936, it attracted countless tourists from all classes of society to visit. On November 30, 1936, a disaster hit this beautiful palace. Within a few hours, flames swallowed all the achievements erected for the great British Empire and the dreams of countless people for the Crystal Palace, in the process of destruction, British residents can look at the fire a few miles away, and even the night sky becomes brighter in the closer areas.

❤Must Back: The Significance of Crystal Palace to the History of Industrial Design
1. Break through the traditional architectural concept from many aspects. The architectural scale and materials make the traditional formal beauty rule invalid and open up a new era of architecture.
2. There is no superfluous decoration, which indicates the simplicity of design and a new field of functional research.

This situation has formed a double-faced opinion. For example, people who are patriots sing carols and even write poems to praise them. For example, the great British poet Tennyson created a special ode for this fair.

The other faction is naturally critics. The point of criticism is that most of the products of the Expo lack a design concept based on the whole. The form is far greater than the function. People who can realize this problem actually have new design ideas. But it is sad that most of them are mechanical negators, which means opposing industry and advocating craftsmanship, which obviously violates the law of social development.

Knowing why this movement was caused, let's take a look at the pioneers who started it.

John Ruskin (John Ruskin), British writer, artist, and art critic. In 1843, he became famous for his book "Modern Painters". He was the spiritual guide of the "Arts and Crafts" movement in the 19th century.

The unease with mechanized large-scale industrial production makes Ruskin have a pertinent attitude towards industrialization. He believes that industry and fine arts have gone hand in hand. If there is no industry, there will be no fine arts. But the ugly appearance of mechanized industrial production made him pay special attention to public welfare, because it was determined by the basic characteristics of human nature.

❤Key propositions: Advocate that art should be closely linked to public life and advocate artistic design for the people. At the same time, he also put forward the practical purpose of design, advocated abolishing the difference between art and design, and asked aestheticians to engage in product design.

"Research on Peacock Chest Feathers"
Ruskin has written everything from essays to monographs, from poems to speeches, from travel guides to instructions, letters and even fairy tales. The early more deliberately carved writing style was later replaced by a smoother style in order to convey his thoughts more efficiently. In all his works, he emphasizes the connection between nature, art and society. He is also a genius and prolific artist, studying rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, architectural structures and decorations with detailed watercolors and sketches.

❤Key proposition: because of his love for nature, one of his most prominent propositions in the arts and crafts movement is to learn from nature, absorb nutrition from nature, and put forward the slogan "learn from nature"

The Victorian era (Victorian era) is considered the peak of the British Industrial Revolution and the British Empire. During this period, the excessive Victorian style spread, and the architecture of the Western world reproduced the classical styles of various eras in a simple form, such as: Greek style, Gothic architectural style and Renaissance style.

❤Key proposition: It makes John Ruskin's philosophy hope to go back to the medieval tradition and restore the tradition of handicraft guilds.

Father of Modern Design-William Morris
Born in Wasserdo next to London. He came from a wealthy family and studied at Exeter College, Oxford University, where he was influenced by John Ruskin and made lifelong friends and partners Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Bernard-Jones, Ford Madox Brown and Philip Webb.

His friend Dante Gabriel Rossetti and others founded the pre-Raphaelite, pursuing a classical revival in painting, and opposed the academic mechanical teaching and painting style of the "post-Raphael" era. William Morris is also a member of the former Raphael Brotherhood. He has a tendency to pursue classics and oppose mechanization in both painting and design concepts.

In 1851, the first Universal Exposition held in London, England, was a very grand event at that time. People in industry, politics, business, and art all attached great importance to it. William Morris met its prosperity, but after watching the exhibition He was extremely disappointed. He thought that the industrial products on display were too rough and standard, and there was no beauty at all. So William Morris, Ruskin John Ruskin, Pugin and others led the Art & Craft movement (Art & Craft Movement), resisted industrial manufacturing products and kitsch pretentious art, and advocated the return of handicrafts, and promoted craftsmen to the status of artists. He believes that art should be affordable, handmade and honest.

In 1861, William Morris and his friends founded the "Morris, Matthew, Faulkner Company". In the early stage, it specially designed and produced medieval and Gothic furniture and handicrafts. The furniture produced in the later stage was roughly divided into two categories: state furniture and work-day furniture. Finally, at Morris's insistence, the company's partners all left the company, the company changed its name to Morris, and continued to produce and sell various handicraft designs that Morris insisted on.

In 1885, William Morris, Elena Marx, Belfort Bacchus and others jointly established the Socialist League in Britain.

[Just understand: Red House]]
After establishing a relationship with Jane Burton, Morris decided to tied the knot in 1859, and to get married, he had to set up a house. To put it bluntly, he needed to buy a house. So Morris began to look for suitable houses everywhere in downtown and suburbs of London, but after many rounds of tossing, I have not found a house that I am satisfied with, and I am very dissatisfied with the house supplies, because the buildings and household supplies that existed at that, otherwise, it is extremely crude.

So Morris began to come up with the idea of building his own house. He invited a friend named Wilbur to help and built a piece of land in the suburb of Kent. It was surrounded by orchards and had a very wide view and scenery. It was in line with Morris's preference to be close to nature and in line with the newlyweds's desire for romance. The most prominent feature was that the house was built with red bricks, it is not only a material, but also a decorative motive, so it is called the "Red House" in history, which also uses many Gothic elements that Morris likes to carve details, such as towers, pointed arch entrances, etc. Let's take a look at the red house in history.

Morris's contribution to graphic design:
Morris's early design direction is furniture, wallpaper, household goods, etc., wallpaper design is one of its most representative works, and the style is particularly easy to identify, is to use a large number of plant patterns

❤Claims:
Emphasize handicrafts and clearly oppose mechanized production (this is a retrogressive concept that violates the laws of social development).
Oppose the pretentious, cumbersome, and over-decorated Victorian style, and other classical and traditional revival styles (this is a progressive concept).

Advocate Gothic style, pay attention to simplicity, simplicity, and attach importance to function (this feature has modern design ideas).
Advocating naturalism and drawing on oriental art in decoration, such as the Chinese fish and insects in Japan.

❤Two basic principles of design:
1. Product design and architectural design serve thousands of people, not a few (because he has a socialist political stand)
2. Design work must be a collective activity, not an individual labor.

In addition to proposing reforms in industrial design, there have been considerable achievements in furniture, ceramics, dyeing and weaving, printing, and book clothing.

Born as an architect, he has also been engaged in interior and furniture design for a long time.

* Influenced by Morris's thought, he never blindly follows the ancient style. The designed furniture is simple and simple, and there are few medieval styles that repeat. The products are easier to produce in batches, which is closer to the essence of the arts and crafts movement serving the public.

* On behalf of the work "Orchard House", the style of architecture, interior and all furniture is unified.

The designed furniture is simple and simple, with few medieval styles recurring. The products are easier to mass produce, which is closer to the essence of the arts and crafts movement serving the public.

Aubrey Beardsley (August 21, 1872-March 16, 1898), was one of the British illustrator artists at the end of the 19th century. He was influenced by Japanese art and was also a pioneer of the aestheticism movement.

Biazley's innovative and avant-garde works, beautiful but grotesque, gorgeous and decadent atmosphere, simple and smooth lines and strong contrast black and white color blocks, brought a shocking impact to the Art Nouveau movement at that time, and continued to influence contemporary and modern, Eastern and Western artistic creation. He has always not painted the beauty of his contemporaries and others; on the contrary, he likes to paint evil things, has a surprising dramatic effect, tends to have a small face and a lot of hair, almost perfect proportion of deformation, in line with public preferences, and tries to challenge the contemporary secular.

[This is an illustrator proposed by my teacher during the second interview. I think it is still necessary for everyone to know about it]]

Advocating the "heart of craftsmen" and the influence of the arts and crafts movement on modern design [flexible examination questions will be combined with the hot examination of modern design]]

The latest four summer cool mobile phone case designs from the Chinese store of the British V & A Museum

Mobile phone case derived from works by William Morris

In the fast-paced life of the industrial revolution, Morris focused his attention from the cold machine to the human itself, advocating the design concept of "learning from nature" and "returning to simplicity. A hundred years later, his works still have fresh vitality and are loved by modern people. Morris's work has been high on the sales charts of the British stores of the V & A Museum in London.

As a master of applied aesthetic design, Voser believes in the design concept of pure modeling and rigorous proportion. In architectural design, he emphasizes the coordination and overall sense of the elements of the work, and this concept of "balance" and "integration" also continues to his pattern design creation.

❤Impact of Arts and Crafts Movement
The root of the "Arts and Crafts" movement was that artists were unable to solve the problems brought about by industrialization at that time, trying to escape from reality and retreat to the medieval Gothic period.

The movement denied large-scale industrialization and mechanical production, making it impossible to become the main style of leading the trend. From an ideological point of view, it is negative, but it provides a reference for later designers and has a profound impact on the "Art Nouveau Movement.

In the face of the cruel reality of industrialization, they feel powerless. They look forward to the romance of the Middle Ages or fantasize about the romance of the Middle Ages. Therefore, they hope to escape from reality through art and design, retreat to their ideal peach blossom land-the romance of the Middle Ages, and escape to their idealized Middle Ages.

This is the root of the "arts and crafts" movement between Britain and other European countries in the 19th century. From an ideological point of view, this movement is negative and there is absolutely no way out. Because it is the utopian fantasy of an intellectual trying to escape the torrent of revolution in the midst of the vigorous industrial revolution. However, due to its emergence, it has provided later designers with a new design style reference and a new model of attempt different from all previous design movements. Therefore, although this movement is short, it is still very important in the history of design and deserves serious study.

Come on, you 've insisted on the first day ~